Collective bargaining Essay Example

Aggregate bartering Essay A trade guild is a relationship of laborers shaped for the essential goal of impacting the businesses choices and arrangements concerning work conditions. In the occasion that requests of representatives are not met by the executives, workers go to the trade guild for help. Work seclusion Labor relations are administered by various enactments. Said enactment gives in addition to other things the accompanying: 1 ) Procedure for association decisions 2) Requirement for businesses to deal with an association 3) Defines and restricts certain unjustifiable work rehearses with respect to the business that may debilitate reasonable haggling) Controls for inappropriate practices 5) Rights of endorser 6) Government-directed arrangement of aggregate bartering COLLECTIVE BARGAINING G Collective dealing is a social procedure. It requires arrangements between agents of the board and work to achieve recorded as a hard copy an understanding covering terms and states of business. Aggregate bartering is planned for progressing in the direction of the accomplishment of new balance between two social powers and to make simpler the upkeep of the built up balance. Despite the troubles to be met, elective dealing is a successful practice to safeguard work the executives self-governance in a free and majority rule society. Aggregate haggling is a nonstop procedure. Despite the fact that exchanges occur just occasionally, after the agreement is marked, various pieces of the haggling procedure stay to be performed. We will compose a custom article test on Collective dealing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Collective dealing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Collective dealing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Specifications contained in the agreement must be conveyed to chiefs, representatives and other association officials. In the interim, the two players continue looking for defects in their agreement with the goal that they can present alterations at the succeeding arrangements. They moreover study nearby industry-wide and across the nation work relations advancements to perceive how their own agreement may, somehow or another, be influenced. Aggregate bartering is an adaptable, give and take process, it, along these lines, requires both cautious arrangements and skilful moving with adaptability. Negative mentalities achieve a wrong passionate tone in haggling meetings. Getting ready for Negotiations Management should initially investigate the condition of its work relations on the grounds that each expected haggling will be dependent upon what has gone before that. This will enable the administration to decide whether they will be adversarial or helpful. The board should likewise consider the conceivable disposition it would look over the dealing table. Inconvenience existing inside the association may overflow the bartering meetings. Top administration ought to name a bartering group and work with it in building up the fundamental haggling technique and a compelling dealing plan. Investment by bosses and center directors ought to be supported by top administration in getting ready for arrangements. They are the individuals who are really posted on the arrangements of the agreement and are very much educated on the solid and frail focuses contained in that. Dealing Tactics coming up next are the three (3) strategies ordinarily utilized by bargainers to make their haggling increasingly powerful: 1) A break Whenever arbitrators become weakness or when individuals from a bartering advisory group want to examine some significant focuses secretly, they demand a break. This permit the gatherings to come back to the meeting table with joined front, in the wake of reevaluating their position and in the wake of social occasion more data to back up their stand. ) Delay of Deliberation When arrangements are slowed down on inconvenient issues they demand that the issue be postponed and taken up in resulting gatherings. They expect that the circumstance or the arranging air will change to empower them to all the more effectively resolve the issue viable. 3) Counterproposal Alternative answers for issues are introduced by arranging parties. Normally the association does the majority of the inquiring. The executives, then again attempts to decrease whatever may invert the single direction relationship and snatch the commencement of thoughts from the association moderators. Intervention and Contract Settlement if an understanding can't be reached, the association may organize a strike or an arbiter brought to the arranging table by one of the gatherings or by the administration. The arbiter must be an outside authority who is unprejudiced, genuinely steady and with a wide encounter. He should have the option to introduce new perspectives, not recently considered, in settlement of the issues viable. He fills in as a classified middle person for the two players. At the point when an understanding is reached, it ought to be placed into composing as unmistakably and forthright, however much as could reasonably be expected. Except if most perusers can get it, it won't be of advantage. The agreement is composed to balance out connections with the goal that the utilization of legitimate wordings ought to be limited. After the marking of the agreement, the following stage is to convey it to the individuals who are to work under its principles, as per it specifications. Complaint SYSTEMS A complaint framework is a conventional framework through which disagreements about working guidelines are communicated, prepared and decided in an association. It gives a methods by which every edged wrong might be reasonably settled among an associations individuals. What is complaint? Complaint is characterized as any genuine or envisioned sentiment of individual treachery that a worker has about the business relationship. In some unionized associations, a complaint is interpreted as meaning any fought infringement of the work understanding. An individual holding disappointment may give a complaint for himself or potentially for other people. An individual may document a complaint with the complaint framework officially. Whenever expressed casually, it is on occasion alluded to just as a grumbling or an issue. Complaint Rates The complaint rate is expressed as far as the quantity of composed cases in a blundered. Complaint rate is generally 5 to 20. A low rate isn't really attractive in light of the fact that it might show a concealment of complaints. Complaints are created by all workers of various kinds and at all levels. Approaches to decrease complaint: 1) Effective agreement organization Fair, open and brief arbitration of issues that emerge will in general reduce misconception fundamental numerous complaints. 2) Participative administration Whenever representatives take an interest in dynamic with respect to working conditions, they have less motivations to record complaints about them. Advantages of Grievance System ) Helps make representatives issues known 2) Encourage arrangement of issues before they become genuine 3) Helps forestall future issues 4) Gives workers passionate discharge for their disappointments 5) Helps set up and keep up a working relationship in the gathering 6) Provides a check and parity on subjective administration activities Grievance Procedures 1) Employee (the complaint) examines complaint with the chief 2) Employee presents complaint recorded as a hard copy to the administrator 3) Steward present complaint to division head 4) Union present complaint to senior supervisor 5) Grievance is submitted to unbiased referee It is significant that a complaint be prepared inside a limited ability to focus time and that, postponements ought to be kept away from. Deferrals in real life forestall quick settlement, which might be misjudged by the complaint. A manager who postpones acting a complaint in actuality fortifies the complaints cause and gives the feeling that the feeling that the chief sees the adequacy of the complaint which he is hesitant to confront. Intervention If the complaint isn't settled at the associations various leveled level, either work or the executives may present the case to discretion, for a last and closure choice by an outsider or gatherings. The authorities choices oversee just until the following aggregate bartering arrangement. The translation of what the current agreement implies is alluded to as complaint intervention. Assertion to set up new agreement terms is alluded to as agreement mediation. The previous prompts complaint settlement, while the last replaces aggregate dealing understanding. Advantages of Arbitrators in Arbitration 1) Arbitrators are outcasts who bring a new viewpoint. 2) Arbitrators are not genuinely engaged with the question ) They can render a choice that typically is enforceable in the courts.

Eradicating risk Essay

Judges, Chairman, Members of the Floor. Life is brimming with dangers. Indeed, even in our everyday lives we experience numerous circumstances which could incorporate hazard: playing game or venturing out to and from school. Also, it is obviously imperative to comprehend this hazard, regardless of whether that is by simply teaching yourself of the dangers connected to a particular action, or by finding a way to attempt to lessen that chance. Utilizing the case of driving, there are countless car crashes that happen in the UK every year. You could in this way state it is absolutely good judgment to wear a safety belt when going in a vehicle. Be that as it may, I would contend that there is a colossal distinction between making the reasonable move of wearing a safety belt and censuring the streets as simply being excessively hazardous and choosing to quit driving through and through. I feel that, in our general public, we rush to see the drawback and the negative parts of hazard and not adequately checked out the need to consider hazard to be something that happens normally and just should be comprehended and considered. School trips are ostensibly one of the most enhancing pieces of your instruction as they help to fortify the educational program that you learn in the study hall. Notwithstanding, there is a hazard that the quantities of school outings will fall because of the colossal measure of desk work required. Before a school outing can happen, a broad hazard appraisal must be completed, laying out all the potential dangers that may happen during this outing. Furthermore, the cases culture that exists today just serves to intensify this issue. Educators are properly uncomfortable to partake in school trips as they are quickly at risk for any injury, anyway minor, that may happen. We are at the point now where schools are thinking about evacuating play area gear to abstain from being sued when youngsters endure minor wounds. Kent County Council has paid out ? 700,000 to kids since 2008 and claims have become so regular that schools face mounting bills, in any event, when youngsters get injured while disrupting school norms by climbing dividers or trees. To cite Chris McGovern, executive of the Campaign for Real Education, â€Å"Schools become so chance cognizant they not, at this point present kids with difficulties and they are enveloped with cotton wool†. The amazing number of individual injury legal counselors offering â€Å"no-win no-fee† arrangements will authenticate the way that cases are so ordinary in our general public that they just route for any association to decrease their obligation is to endeavor to kill hazard included. The tremendous ubiquity of protection these days is simply one more case of how we have gotten fixated on annihilating danger. There are numerous insurance agencies, yet in addition an immense number of various sorts of protection. Contraption and versatile protection, a generally new industry, is currently evaluated to be worth ? 1. 24 billion across Europe. Indeed, even the embarrassment over PPI (installment assurance protection) was basically because of banks alarming their clients into feeling that they required protection to guarantee that they took care of their obligation. All in all, chance isn't something that we should fear, nor is it something that we should try to dispense with totally from our lives, as I accept we, as a general public, are progressively at serious risk or doing. As I have illustrated, chance is just an outcome of the blend of a situation and this mix essentially should be seen with the goal that reasonable precautionary measures can be taken to oversee or relieve the hazard, however there is positively no prerequisite to take out this. For sure, an existence without hazard would be an extremely exhausting life in reality. â€Å"This House accepts society has gotten fixated on killing risk†

Business Research Method Qualitative Data Analysis

Question: Examine about the Business Research Method for Qualitative Data Analysis. Answer: Presentation: The ascent of the Australian dollar and the expanding rivalry among the Australian the travel industry organization are the two key critical difficulties of the Australian the travel industry. It has been estimated that as of late, the universal piece of the overall industry of Australia has diminished, and the local the travel industry consumption of the nation has likewise diminished as of now (Biggs, 2010). Accordingly, the travel industry organization, Thomas Cook is additionally confronting some operational difficulties in the market of Australian the travel industry. Thus, the travel industry and the administration of the nation would need to take important activities to improve the development of the Australian the travel industry fragment. Hypothesis, Assumption, Background Literature: Hypothesis: The hypothesis of feasible the travel industry efficiently recognizes the useful components of the contemporary maintainable the travel industry, which gives the most recent advancements in the significant zones of the travel industry organization and the administrations. In this respects, Kulendran Dwyer (2008) expressed that Hans Magnus Enzensbergers hypothesis of the travel industry is a proactive exertion in building up the Australian the travel industry. Presumption: The present examination endeavors to investigate that the drawn out government technique would help the Australian the travel industry part to assemble more intensity to set up a stable monetary commitment. The future objective of the Australian the travel industry showcase needs to accomplish more than $140 billion in the overnight go through continuously of 2020. As indicated by the assessment of Zeppel Beaumont (2012), nearly around a large portion of a million Australians would be the immediate representative in this section. It is normal that the GDP would need to develop by 5% in coming future. Research Objectives: To assess the importance of the administration commitment in the development of the Australian the travel industry section To recognize the variables affecting the improvement of the Australian the travel industry portion To survey the connection between the job of government activities and the Australian the travel industry To suggest the key ways for building up the Australian the travel industry Foundation Literature It has been recognized that having a solid presentation in this segment, the Tourism Australia has encountered a few variances to reclassify the future achievement. According to the report of the Australian the travel industry, the administration activities have assisted with expanding the quantity of visitor appearances in the Australia by 8% (www.thomascookgroup.com, 2016). The overnight spend by the explorers has been expanded by $83.4 billion in the most recent year. The administration commitment has helped the firm, Thomas Cook to acquire the income of $7,834 million out of 2015 (www.tourism.australia.com, 2016). Adding to this, the travel industry bolster condition and the framework of the travel industry transport are the preeminent components that have helped the Australian the travel industry portion to develop progressively. I6t has been examined that According to the perspective on Xu Bao(2011), the legislature has restricted the travel industry charge, formality and the other administrative weight to encourage development of the travel industry area. The viable showcasing efforts and the help business advancement with respect to street, transport have become increasingly productive chance to start the development of the Australian the travel industry. Besides, it is fundamental to stay serious by building a computerized ability to draw the consideration of the clients (Zeppel Beaumont, 2012). In addition, the district games 2018, is going to hold in Gold Coast, Australia, which demonstrates the administration's intercession for building up the travel industry section of Australia. Factors and Hypotheses: Factors: The ebb and flow explore has built up two factors, for example, the job of government and the Australian the travel industry. Both the factors are trustworthy on one another to fulfill the exploration destinations and objectives. Speculation: H0: The job of the legislature has significant importance in the advancement of the Australian Tourism Industry. H1: The job of the legislature doesn't have any significant centrality in the advancement of the Australian Tourism Industry. Operational Definitions and Measurement: AS the issue is straightforward to see, so that, it could be found the issue need perusing or improving to make it reachable. The auxiliary information examination has assisted with estimating the two factors, for example, the job of the administration and the Australian the travel industry. Research Design and Methodology: Research Design The examination configuration can be ordered as follows: exploratory, informative, and expressive. In this flow setting, an unmistakable research configuration has been assessed by the analyst as it permits to survey different research situations. According to the perspective on Freshwater (2007), a spellbinding examination configuration causes the analyst to locate the exact arrangement by assessing different diaries, books and the bona fide site. Henceforth, the picking of illustrative research configuration is very good. Instrumentation/Sampling: The specialist would send the online poll to 60 guests for gathering the quantitative information. Thus, the example size is 60 for the quantitative information. A basic irregular likelihood component would be picked for leading the quantitative information. In the assessment of Xu Bao (2011), it is possible while the example size is bigger. Then again, a non-likelihood comfort inspecting would require for collecting the subjective information. The 5 chiefs from the Thomas Cook would be picked to gather the pertinent data with respect to the unique circumstance. Henceforth, the example size is 5 for the subjective information. Information Analysis: The subjective information in the momentum research would be examined by changing the guests reaction to the help of diagram, graph and table configuration. The reactions of the sightseers would be created by figuring it in a rate group. As indicated by the assessment of Waite (2011), the MS Excel sheet is the best alternative to produce the reactions of the quantitative investigation. Be that as it may, the chiefs reactions would be talked about altogether by making joins with the renowned creators. Besides, the information triangulation has been kept up here to discover the legitimate result of the ebb and flow look into. End The underlying theory of the examination is upheld as the firm Thomas Cook is getting a ton of advantages for the administration commitments in the travel industry section of Australia. Suggestion: As Australia has an abundance of advantages, including special scenes, nature-based the travel industry, amicable condition and the socially assorted populace, the administration of the nation could improve the secret weapons and the frameworks to expand the quantity of vacationer footfalls in the nation. In the perspective on Biggs (2010), this activity would encourage the nation to amplify the financial development. Moreover, the chance of computerized upset would permit the traveler organization to connect more with the guests and making more business benefit. References: Biggs, D. (2010). The travel industry societys word reference for the travel industry. The travel industry Management, 31(4), 556. Kulendran, N., Dwyer, L. (2008). Estimating the arrival from Australian the travel industry advertising consumption. Diary of Travel Research, 47(3), 275284. Thomas Cook bunch plc 2014 entire year results. (2014). Recovered from https://www.thomascookgroup.com/wp-content/transfers/2014/12/ThomasCook_FY14results_transcript.pdf The travel industry 2020 entire of government working with industry to accomplish Australias the travel industry potential. (2011). . Recovered from https://www.tourism.australia.com/reports/Tourism_2020_overview.pdf Xu, S., Bao, J. (2011). Plantwide process control with offbeat testing and correspondences. Diary of Process Control, 21(6), 927948. Zeppel, H., Beaumont, N. (2012). Environmental change and the travel industry prospects: Responses by Australian the travel industry offices. The travel industry and Hospitality Research, 12(2), 7388. Waite, D. (2011) A basic sleight of hand: Teaching subjective information investigation utilizing a deck of playing a game of cards, Qualitative Inquiry, 17(10), 982985. Freshwater, D. (2007) Reading blended techniques look into: settings for analysis, Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 134-146.

Business Strategy Unit III Internal Strengths And Weaknesses - 275 Words

Business Strategy Unit III: Internal Strengths And Weaknesses (Case Study Sample) Content: Business Strategy Unit III Name Institution Business Strategy Unit III Internal Strengths and Weaknesses One of Priceline’s strengths is the high level of efficiency in handling the consumers’ demands. The customers are allowed to determine the prices that they would like to pay for the services through an online platform. Additionally, Priceline has diversified its revenue sources making the firm a one-stop shop concerning the travelling needs of the consumers. Another strength of Priceline is the ability to maintain higher sales in the industry leading to increased profitability. One of the weaknesses is that there is a likelihood of making losses if the customers set a price that is lower than the cost of the service. Besides, Priceline relies on revenues from tours and travel which poses a risk to its cash flow in case of business interruptions. Priceline does not have its hotels and, therefore, it has to rely on the suppliers’ prices and services. Priceline’s Competitors Some of Priceline’s major competitors include Expedia, Orbitz World Wide, and Hotel.com. Notably, other firms that are a potential threat to Priceline’s ability to maintain a competitive edge include Facebook, Alibaba, and Google which recently introduced ‘Google flights’. (Priceline Group, 2017). The Effectiveness of Priceline’s Strategy The strategy that Priceline has adopted is effective as evidenced by the firm’s ability to maintain higher sales volumes compared t...

Chemical Reactions

The Movie Nightcrawler - 1001 Words

The movie â€Å"Nightcrawler† is a film that depicts a man that is a fast thinking, hard negotiating, never-give-up, criminal. This criminal, Lou, is bold enough to steal goods and then ask for a job while selling the goods he stole. His greatest desire is build a career for himself and learn a trade so that he can own his own company. Lou witnesses a horrific car crash where the car caught on fire and sees a videographer come in and video the scene and sell it. The videographer, Joe, tells him that he can sell the video to highest bidder and that it would be a top story on the news. Lou was intrigued and asked if Joe had a job, which he did not, and when Lou saw the work on the news he was convinced this was his new career. Lou steals a high-end bike and trades up at a pawn shop for a video camera and a police scanner. His first story is a carjacking story where he was able to get up close footage. Nina, the director of news, was very interested in his footage for the pure graphic nature of it and that it was related to crime. After she buys that footage from him, she gives him advice about what their particular news channel is all about. She tells him that crime in a specific location are of interest to her, not the urban areas but more about the crime that is overflowing into the suburbs. She tells Lou that it would be better if the perpetrators are minority and that the victims are white. She tells him that not necessarily bloody, but definitely graphic materialShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Nightcrawler Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatic story, not the most important. Stories beyond the scope of the United States and its interests are unlikely to garner the attention they deserv e. The film Nightcrawler captures this idea best â€Å"to capture the spirit of what we air, is think of our news cast as a screaming woman running down the street with her throat cut.† -Nightcrawler (2014). This is positive feedback in its truest form reacting to the immediate and the dramatic. An intricate story with a rich background, and history spanningRead MoreWhy Do You Pursue Something?847 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å" Why you pursue something is as important as what you pursue†( Lou Bloom, Nightcrawler). Lou Bloom is someone who did anything to survive, and anything to make that extra nickel. It went from anywhere to unlawfully taking scraps off the street and selling them to junk yards, to stalking individuals down to ask them for a job. The theme of this story would have to be Self-preservation. Because he didn’t care about the wellbeing of others all he cared about was his investment, and if it did not involveRead More`` Nightcrawler : The Homeric Pe rspective1596 Words   |  7 PagesNightcrawler Through The Homeric Perspective Have you ever been stuck in a bad mood that causes everything to happen in your day to seem bad? Have you ever had a good day with the opposite effect? Mood changes perspective on everything. You are always in a mood. Throughout different ages of the world, mood is there always influencing the day to day choices. Hero’s are portrayed in modern day society to be someone who is willing to risk their lives for others, would you consider a hero to be someoneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Nightcrawler1524 Words   |  7 Pages Nightcrawler Through The Homeric Perspective Have you ever been stuck in a bad mood that causes everything to happen in your day to seem bad? Have you ever had a good day with the opposite effect? Mood changes perspective on everything. You are always in a mood. Throughout different ages of the world, mood has always been there influencing the day to day choices. Hero’s are portrayed in modern day society to be someone who is willing to risk their lives for others, would you consider a hero toRead More X2: X-Men United Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesdependent on the original X-Men movie to tell its story. X2’s plotline twists keep the viewer wondering about the loyalties of characters that appear at one moment to switch to the good side, and then just as easily revert to their roles as bad guys. Requiring the viewer to ask, â€Å"How do we know who we can trust?† Equally, the film’s visual effects are stunning without being overwhelming or redundant. We do not see action sequences repeated from the first movie but fresh new twists that appearRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Nightcrawler1378 Words   |  6 Pages Nightcrawler (Gilroy, 2014)  is about a young man, Lou Bloom who begins a career in L.A. crime journalism. He does many bizarre and unethical things, and really just goes too far to become successful in the industry.   Throughout the movie, we see how today s news and television culture will go as far as they have to for publicity. From the camera man doing whatever it takes to get a good shot, to the news companies paying top dollar for a film, in the end it s all about getting publicity and moneyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Nightcrawler 947 Words   |  4 Pagesevil, there can be no good. Is being a good person all about the things one does or is it about the reason one does the things they do? There s good and bad in everyone. Humanity isn t perfect, and our lives are so complex. In the film titled Nightcrawler, Louis Bloom shows viewers first-hand what it is like to be a journalist in the fast pace city of Los Angeles. Throughout the film, Louis attempts to manipulate the other characters and uses their weakness against them to get whatever he desiresRead MoreComics, The X-Men, and Popular Culture Essay4876 Words   |  20 Pagestitle and story line to read. Someone can be introduced to this form of popular culture in many different ways. These can range from being handed a comic from a family member or friend, to randomly picking up a comic on a store shelf, or by watching a movie about a certain character/team. In this seminar paper, I will explain how the comic book team the X-Men has been commercialized and advertised to society through the last five decades, how the subculture of the X-men can provide a communication link

Challenges In The Gas And Oil Industry †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Challenges In The Gas And Oil Industry? Answer: Introduction Based on the global demand for oil and gas resources, it is indisputable that the world still depends on these natural resources. With the experienced issues relating to the exploration and spill outs during drilling, the management of risks is important in this industry. This is because; these commodities impose serious environmental and safety issues. The companies and governments have to join hands are reduce accidents through proper corporate governance. Scott (2014) believes that health risk management and ethical leadership are critical in managing the environments associated with the oil and gas industry. According to Anis and Siddiqui (2015), the stakeholders have increased interest in incorporating sustainability and overcoming the related operations challenges. Given the significance of corporate social responsibility, the oil and gas industry have faced challenges to address the emerging issues (Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell 2016). This article has provided an insight ba sed on the case study about business ethics and sustainability. Managing Ethical Risk The safety of the public and the environment are critical in managing risks thus reduce the accidents. By maintaining a safe environment, the drilling companies have an opportunity to reduce the possibility of explosions, spills, and oil leaks. According to Leveson (2011a), companies have affected the community by failing to address such issues. In fact, the impact of these risks extends beyond the public and community effects. It stretches to the public pressure and stakeholder reputation. Therefore, the companies have the responsibility to avoid public criticism many managing risks efficiently. Safety culture The safety culture is a problem to many companies and it has been the precursor for major accidents listed in this case study. Undoubtedly, the flaws in this culture are blamed for the accidents. In fact, both the industry and organizations have done the least to redefine their culture. Anis and Siddiqui (2015) held that the organizational culture highlights the companys shared norms and values that should be guiding the decision making process. Safety culture is critical because it a subset of the firms overall culture. The safety culture also reflects the approaches and attitude the firm and its stakeholders take to conduct risk and safety management. The leadership of an organization use the safety culture to establish the values that they use to make crucial decisions (Dutta and Sengupta 2014). Based on the challenges and issues experienced in the oil and gas industry, it is arguable that dysfunctional safety culture is to blame. For example, the culture of denial has put compani es into jeopardy. Despite the risk assessment pointing at the weaknesses that need to be fixed, the leaders of these companies have incessantly dismissed the assessment results thus avoids taking appropriate actions. Under the denial culture, the management assumes that accidents are inevitable. To this effect, the managers only pay close attention to good news. Often, these managers argue that the conditions in their companies are dangerous and they can do the least to improve the safety conditions than allow the accidents to be part of the productivity. As a price of productivity, these managers believe it is impossible to eliminate the products. For example, in many offshore oil-drilling firms, the culture of denial is predominant (Environment Agency 2013). Regarding the statement of the American Petroleum Institutes President after the Deep-water Horizon and the Washington State Tesoro Oil Refinery explosion, it was evident that the leadership is never taking any steps to introduce safety culture. In fact, the President classified the situation as normal happening in the industry. He acknowledged that nothing is safe outside the environment because nuclear engines run the metal tubes. Despite the dangerous status of this industry, it near impossible for the firms to operate without accidents. Apart from the denial culture, the industry also experiences the paper culture. Under this culture, most workers are engaged in writing and elaborating arguments showing the safety of their systems (Kiany, Rahimi, and Jokar 2015). Actually, these employees have the least time to participate in the programs that would make the environment safe as claimed. For instance, when the UK Nimrod Aircraft suffered in Afghanistan, the company analysts associated the accident to the use of safety case to be the contributing factors (Ferrell et al. 2016). This demonstrated that culture of paper safety caused the problem. The management failed to understand the real safety that was befalling the organization as explained by Haddon-Cave (2009). The following steps should be undertaken to control the situation. Introduce Incentives Many stakeholders have understood the relationship between the companys future viability, profitability and safety. However, this relationship has been vague on unclear regarding the offshore oil industry. This relationship has however been distinct in the aviation industry. The case in point is the GOM drilling that had strong moratorium indicating that firms that enjoyed a strong safety signals and cultures are likely to fall victims to the companies without such practices (Environment Agency 2013). To this effect, it is critical for the businesses to engage in self-policing initiatives to improve their safety. It is also important for the companies to introduce incentives that would promote the update of safety technology. Based on the cases, it was evident that the BOP standard design was inappropriate and ineffective for the exploration of deep water (Farahani, Ahadmotlaghi, Farahani, and Valafar 2015). Despite various signals showing the need to change the technology, companies involved in the industry completely dismissed or ignored the previous failures of the BOP. The management of these corporations insisted that the BOP design never needed any improvement. The same situation was evident when the relevant authorities and organization failed to act on the 1956 Refrigerator Safety Act that was adopted following the suffocation of the trapped children while playing in unused refrigerator (Dekker 2006). To manufacturers, redesigning the refrigerator was an effort in futility. These manufacturers ruled out any initiative to redesign the machine to create safer latches. However, after they were compelled to do so, these manufacturers introduced magnet latches that ensured the doors of refrigerators could only open from inside (Cleveland 2011). The new development completely eliminated the hazard and proved cheaper than the previous latches as explained by Martin and Schinzinger (1989). Based on this experience, it is important for the government to introduce technical incentives that would allow the companies and manufacturers to update their safety technologies because the oil and gas extraction and exploration conditions are dynamic. Industry standards The investigations revealed that the accident that was evident was attributed to lack of standards as expected in the industry. The cementing operations standards were never evident. For instance, even the least standards including the API Recommended Practices have become difficult to implement because of the lack of consensus among stakeholders. It is believable that such standards are a mistake (Kaplan and Mikes 2012). In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration has entrusted the Federal Advisory Committee with the defining and establishing policy, regulatory decision, and programs to instil standards in the commercial aviation industry. The RTCA.inc is an important NGO that is mandated to develop recommendations relating to traffic management systems, surveillance, and communications system issues (Ferrell et al. 2016). This private organization has proved to be necessary in defining the industry standards because it acts as broker. Such initiatives should be encour aged to help in building consensus. Self-policing The industry self-policing is another important initiative that can help in managing risk. Indisputably, the government regulatory authorities have expressed frustrations in accomplishing the set objectives to enforce the safety policies in the organizations. Given the limitation, the industry-self policing are critical (Kaplan and Mikes 2012). The power industry had adopted the INPO, as an organization meant to offer an oversight on nuclear power safety. This followed the Three Mile Island. The Presidential Oil Spill Commission had recommended the INPO as one of the best model that can help restore the sustainability and ethics in the oil and gas industry. The model will ensure that the gas and oil companies use the modern technologies and practices to reduce accidents. Safety Management systems Companies operating in the gas and oil industries should consider the new safety control structures to manage risks. In fact, safety control structures are unique, as each company needs to develop its own. Based on the case study, it emerged that the safety management structure of BP was defective and it needed improvement (Konar and Cohen 2001). The Baker Panel raised the red flag over the BPs safety control structure that it applied for its oil refineries. In the similar capacity, the FAA had recommended that airlines should take swift steps to address their safety needs. It further emphasized on the companies to use safety management systems to avoid accidents. Recently, the Presidential Oil Spill Commission emphasized on the environment and safety management system and the commission recommended that for the oil companies to be allowed to explore and drill oils, they must have acquired this condition as a prerequisite. Certification and training Based on the Deep-water Horizon accident investigation, it was evident that many workers of the firms only had minimal training (Leveson 2011). In fact, the majority of the workers had little certification needed for their operations. To this effect, it is prudent for the companies to train and certify their employees efficiently. Regarding the case study, it is evident that the industry has experienced accidents. However, it appears that the companies never learn from these events (Godfrey, Merrill, and Hansen 2009). To this effect, it is necessary for the companies to establish a system that is incident and accident investigative-oriented. This effort can encourage continual improvement and learning processes in the company. Hazard analysis Many companies in this oil and gas industry have established a strong hazard analysis tool. The HAZOP technique is one of the best tools that can help to restore the safety aspects in the organization (Pawan 2014). This technique has proved beneficial for the companies that have adopted it. This is because; the HAZOP has proved essential and can help the companies to improve their technological design. They need to apply the technique to guide performance and maintenance audits. Comparing the Risks BP, Exxon, and the Fracking Industry Face Similar risks The fracking industry, Exxon, and BP seem to face similar risks. For example, these companies are vulnerable to various risks including explosions, environmental contamination, leaks, and spills. All these companies, if given a chance, can damage the environment beyond reparation. The stakeholders can significantly suffer from these risks. Based on the case study, it is evident that Exxon and BP are experiencing the worst situation, as the supply of resources is becoming untenable (Sylves and Comfort 2012). Because of the shortage in supply of their primary commodities, these companies have the highest chances of taking risks to help them meet their market demand. For example, they can go out of their way just to obtain the resources, even if it means engaging in unethical practice (Manna, Marco, Letterman, and Mullen 2014). Therefore, the two companies are exposed to more dangerous risks, like spills, explosions, and environmental emissions than the fracking industry. The fracking industry is also experiencing its unique risks and uncertainty. For example, it is faces the challenge regarding its customer uncertainty. To this effect, it must continue to address this risk to avoid suffering the consequences of failing to responding to the market dynamics (Konar and Cohen 2001). Interestingly, the three companies are uncertain or sure about the safety of their operations. These companies have also failed to provide factual evidence to assure the public and shareholders that they take the issues of environmental and community protection seriously. This has made the communities to treat them with suspicion as the community view their hydraulic fracturing as dangerous. Reputation In business, customer is an important factor that any firm must consider. Regarding this companies, the brand image and reputation are equally relevant in attracting and retaining the customers. With the current customers opting for socially responsive companies, Exxon, BP, and fracking industry must address the issues associated with their product to avoid negative reputation. Customers would purchase products from companies that embrace safety measures (DeMarrais, and Lapan 2004). To this effect, it would prudent for Exxon, BP, and fracking industry to think of the targeted customers and their expectations. The individuals who will purchase the product would determine the brand image in the market. Therefore, they must overcome this risk by playing their cards according to the customers. Based on the case study, the hydraulic fracturing process remains under intense public scrutiny because of the potential harm it imposes on the environment and neighbouring communities. Ferrell, Finanacial, and Ferrell (2011) maintained that the public view the hydraulic fracturing to be the cause of water and air pollution, crime, traffic, and increased noise. The companies should track these problems and demonstrate to stakeholders including the regulators, investors, and the public their remedial measures. Since these companies have continuously failed to report to the investors about their activities, the investors have no obligation to credit them. This has a direct impact on the companys image. Political and financial risks The political risk dominates the oil and gas industry because of the political interests evident in this industry. For decades now, most of the political class have continued to get funding from the old and gas industry. For example, BP has continued to support the political activities so that the new administration can support its causes. The same applies to Exxon and fracking industry (Environment Agency 2013). The public pressure has put the companies on the spotlight. To this effect, the companies have identified leaders who can never turn against them and formulate policies that can ruin their operations. Therefore, the political risk evident is the ability to sustain the financial support without engaging in unethical practices. The corporate executives have been compelled to continue supporting the political activities in hope of gaining favours with the political class. This confirms that the political class has held the firms at ransom. The financial risk is also evident in this industry and all the companies have continued to face these risks (Breeze 2012). The continued uncertainty surround the global market value is affecting the companies. For instance, the global market has become unpredictable thus affecting the companies overall revenue earnings. With the economic crisis, the customers have opted for environmental friendly fuel. This has affected the companys ability to improve their earnings. For example, in the case study, it is evident that Exxon, fracking industry, and BP have posted losses. As a result, they have to identify the best strategies to overcome the financial risk. Diversification is one of the strategies these companies are using to remain in business. Ethical Leadership Helping the Oil and Gas Industry Responsibility and Transparency Culture Leadership is the cornerstone of any organization because a company can only set its organizational culture through its leaders. For example, when a leader makes ethical decisions, it is possible for the stakeholders to follow such a person. This is because; such a leader would display a complete commitment to protecting the stakeholders. According to Patton (2001), ethical leadership always guarantee an organization of proper risk management. For example, ethical leaders understand the significance of conducting an environmental risk assessment. To this effect, they incessantly establish relevant organizations to protect the environment, like IPIECA. With an organization that can stand out and speak for the society regarding the environmental ills perpetuated by other firms would gain public confidence. It is important for ethical leaders to take responsibility for their action (Ferrell et al. 2016). Based on the case study, companies lack ethical leaders who can pursue the interest of the society and stakeholders. Most these executive pursue their interests at all costs. This has seen them espouse an opaque culture in which nobody understands exempt them. Nonetheless, ethical leadership has seen everyone operate transparently and share views openly about the company. This transparency culture ensures the company engages stakeholders in its operations. The ethical leadership principle ensures that the company operates under clear guidelines. For instance, a transparent culture would embrace ethical reporting and disclosures. This accounting practice reduces any chances of corruption or inside trading that have befallen many corporations. Environmental Risk Management The ethical managers are concerned about the environmental risks. To this effect, they would do everything within their powers to adopt the best risk management programs to save the company, employees, and stakeholders. Without a doubt, a leader who values employees and environment always remain focused, visionary, and transformational. Such leaders are able to adopt changes that can transform the organization. The environmental risk management programs including hazard analysis system (Patton 2001). The ethical leaders would also embrace the industry standards to avoid unethical activities that would compromise its ethical practices. Quality and Safety Management Ethical leaders are concerned of the company reputation, community welfare, and the employee rights. To guarantee the organization its rightful position, the manager would train and certify the workers to make them skilful and experts in their field of operations. Konar and Cohen (2001) argued that ethical leaders value quality and safety of the workers. This is achievable by establishing organizational culture, values, and principles. Conclusion The companies involved in the work of gas and oil experience social and political difficulties because of the technical complexity. In the last few years, these companies have engaged in noble tasks and efforts to conduct their businesses in a socially responsible and sustainable way. The leadership have the responsibility to use environmental protection laws in responding to the impact of business on the environment. Sustainability remains to be a moral and scientific problem that managers must solve. The solution to this problem is founded on good governance as evident in this article. This involves brainstorming on the interconnections of the society, economy, government, and the environment. The good governance aspects fall back to the government while the multinational companies are the propelling forces. These companies must comply with the law by developing sustainable strategies and practices to define their operational environment. However, the companies have incessantly hel l-bent on corruption and malpractices to benefit a few players. References Anis, M.D. Siddiqui, T.Z., 2015. Issues impacting sustainability in the oil and gas industry, Journal of Management and Sustainability, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 115-123. Breeze, R., 2012. Legitimation in Corporate Discourse: Oil Corporations after Deep-water Horizon, Discourse Society, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 3-18. Cleveland, C. (Ed.), 2011, Jan 16. Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling. (Available at https://www.eoearth.org/view/article/162358/) Dekker, S., 2006. The field guide to understanding human error. Ashgate Publishing. DeMarrais, K. B., and Lapan, S. D., 2004. Methods of Inquiry in Education and Social Sciences, Foundations of Research, vol. 51, no. 5/6, pp. 546-545. Dutta, A. B., and Sengupta, I., 2014. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Construction, International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 58-61. Environment Agency, 2013. An Environmental Risk Assessment for shale gas exploratory operations in England. Bristol: Environmental Agency. (Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/296949/LIT_8474_fbb1d4.pdf) Farahani, A. F., Ahadmotlaghi, A., Farahani, A. F., and Valafar, A., 2015, Pathology the Causes of Delay in the Major Projects of Oil Industrial, Case Study: South Pars, Journal of Recent Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 129-141. Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J., and Ferrell, L., 2011. Business ethics: ethical decision-making and cases, 8th edition. South-Western Cengage, Mason, Ohio. Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J., and Ferrell, L., 2016. Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases, 8th edition. South-Western Cengage, Mason, Ohio Godfrey, P. C., Merrill, C. B., and Hansen, J. M., 2009. The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility And Shareholder Value: An Empirical Test Of The Risk Management Hypothesis, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 425-445. Haddon-Cave, C., 2009. The Nimrod Review. The Stationery Office Limited, London. Kaplan, R. S., and Mikes, A., 2012, Jun 1. Managing Risks: A New Framework, Harvard Business Review. (Available at https://hbr.org/2012/06/managing-risks-a-new-framework) Kiany, D., Rahimi, G., and Jokar, M. S., 2015. Gas Exporting Companies forum, Past and Future Research, Journal of Recent Sciences, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 89-94. Konar, S., and Cohen, M. A., 2001. Does The Marketing Value Environmental Performance? Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 281-289. Leveson, N., 2011, May 17. Risk management in the oil and gas industry, MIT. (Available at https://energy.mit.edu/news/risk-management-in-the-oil-and-gas-industry/) Leveson, N., 2011a. Engineering a safer world. MIT Press, New York. Manna, D., Marco, G., Letterman, D., and Mullen, J. (2014). Sustainable Case Study: Chevron Corporation, The Clute Institute, pp. 153-156. (Available at https://cluteinstitute.com/conference-proceedings/2014SAPapers/Article 251.pdf) Martin, M. and Schinzinger, R., 1989. Ethics in engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York. Patton, M. Q., 2001. Qualitative Research and Evolution Methods, 2nd edition. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Pawan, M., 2014. Impacts of Global Warming on Environment, International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 72-78. Scott, M., 2014. Challenges for oil gas, Raconteur May 8. (Available at https://www.raconteur.net/sustainability/challenges-for-oil-gas) Sylves, R., and Comfort, L., 2012. The Exxon Valdez and BP Deep-water Horizon Oil Spills: Reducing Risk in Socio-Technical Systems, American Behavioural Scientist, vol. 56 no.1, pp. 76-103.